Jigme Singye Wangchuck

This name uses Bhutanese naming customs. Bhutanese people have two given names, neither of which is a surname or family name unless they are descended from royal or noble lineages.

Jigme Singye Wangchuck འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག
Wangchuck in 2008
King of Bhutan
Reign	24 July 1972 – 9 December 2006
Coronation	2 June 1974
Predecessor	Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Successor	Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
Born	(1955-11-11) 11 November 1955 Dechencholing Palace, Thimphu, Bhutan
Spouse	1st consort: Dorji Wangmo 2nd consort: Tshering Pem 3rd consort: Tshering Yangdon 4th consort: Sangay Choden
Issue	Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Sonam Dechan Wangchuck Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck Kesang Choden Wangchuck Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck Khamsum Singye Wangchuck Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Euphelma Choden Wangchuck Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck
House	Wangchuck
Father	Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Mother	Kesang Choden
Religion	Buddhism

Jigme Singye Wangchuck (Dzongkha: འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་, Wylie: jigs med seng ge dbang phyug; born 11 November 1955), is the fourth Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) of Bhutan, reigning from 1972 to 2006. He was also responsible for the development of new policies in the environment and improved access to education and healthcare.

Throughout his reign, Jigme Singye Wangchuck implemented various socio-economic policies to enhance the quality of life in Bhutan. He emphasized the need to develop industry, agriculture, hydroelectricity, and infrastructural projects while prioritizing environmental and cultural preservation. The success of these policies can be seen in indicators such as increased access to education and healthcare, improvements in infrastructure, and the promotion of Bhutan's unique cultural heritage.

One of the most significant changes during Jigme Singye Wangchuck's reign was his decision to initiate a transition from an absolute monarchy to a democratic constitutional monarchy. This transition was characterized by the decentralization of power, the promotion of public participation in governance, and the introduction of a written constitution.

Early life

Jigme Singye Wangchuck was born in Dechencholing Palace in Thimphu, Bhutan, on 11 November 1955. to Jigme Dorji Wangchuck and Ashi Kesang Choden Wangchuck. The political officer of India stationed in Sikkim and the representative of the Sikkimese government came soon after to offer felicitations to the royal parents and to pay their respect to the newborn prince. At the age of four, sometime in 1959, the young Crown Prince received the offerings of good wishes and respect from the public, monks, and officials for the first time in Tashichho Dzong.

Education

Wangchuck received Western and traditional learning in various institutions. He began his education with a blend of both Buddhist and modern curricula at Dechencholing Palace, when he was six years old, in 1961. His formal education started with traditional teaching and then followed by the study of English and modern subjects, taught by trained teachers at the palace during the early years. His attendance at this school at Dechencholing began with 45 students. Soon afterward, he went to study at St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling, in India. In January 1965, he attended Summerfields School in St. Leonards, Sussex, England, and then Heatherdown School in 1966 where he completed his studies in 1969. The next phase of his formal education took place at Namselling Palace in 1969. Finally, he attended Ugyen Wangchuck Academy at Satsham Choten in Paro, which was established in 1970, along with a class of selected students from all over Bhutan.

Crown Prince

In 1971, the Third King of Bhutan appointed Wangchuck as the Chairman of the National Planning Commission, charged with the planning and coordination of the five-year development plan. The following year, on 16 June 1972, he was made the Trongsa Penlop bestowing on him directly the saffron scarf or namza. The 3rd Five-Year Plan (FYP), which spanned the period 1971–77, was in progress when his father died. Wangchuck was 16 at that time. 1972 to 1976 was the period of the 3rd FYP, and 1976 to 1981 was the period of the 4th FYP. As both King and the Chairman of the National Planning Commission, the clearing house for the programs and projects, Wangchuck guided the planned activities first in broad terms and then increasingly in detail.

Coronation

The coronation of His Majesty King Jigme Singye Wangchuck as the Fourth King of Bhutan was conducted in three distinct ceremonies, each reflecting aspects of Bhutan’s traditions and culture.. The inner coronation in 1972 at Punakha Dzong involved religious rituals led by the Je Khenpo, while the secret coronation in 1974 at Tashichhodzong was timed to a significant moment and included blessings from Buddhist masters.. The outer coronation on 2nd June 1974 was a public event attended by international representatives, showcasing Bhutan’s culture and marking its engagement with the global community.. The Presidents of India and Bangladesh were the guests of honor.. The Chogyal of Sikkim and the Prince of Nepal were among the other distinguished attendees..

Royal wedding

In a public ceremony, the Royal Wedding of Wangchuck was held in Dechog Lhakhang in Punakha Dzong on 31 October 1988, corresponding with the Descending Day of Buddha. The four queens, Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck, Tshering Pem Wangchuck, Tshering Yangdon Wangchuck and Sangay Choden Wangchuck are daughters of Dasho Yab Ugyen Dorji, the descendant of both the mind and speech incarnations of Ngawang Namgyal, and Yum Thuiji Zam.

Previously, they had married privately in 1979.

Rural development

Upon ascending the throne, Jigme Singye Wangchuck prioritized rural development, recognizing that the majority of Bhutanese citizens lived in rural communities and that their well-being was essential to the nation's progress. In his Coronation Address on June 2, 1974, he stressed the need "to attain self-reliance and preserve Bhutan's sovereignty and independence." He stated, "Bhutan has a small population, abundant land, and rich natural resources, and sound planning on our part will enable us to realize our aim of economic self-reliance in the near future."

He further emphasized that any development undertaking should be a genuine collaboration between the people and the government, recognizing the importance of local knowledge and participation in shaping successful and sustainable initiatives. To realize this objective, Jigme Singye launched a new government structure to make the policy more collaborative.

During the 1970s, immediate aims for rural households unfolded in terms of intensive valley projects, and cash crop cultivation, especially potato, irrigation, and resettlement. Enhancing the income and livelihood of the rural people was the main focus of the 3rd and 4th FYPs. Soon after he acceded to the throne, Jigme Singye launched the Trashigang and Tsirang Intensive Valley Development Projects in 1972. These projects were part of a larger vision of food self-sufficiency and income generation.

Encouraged by the achievements in the Trashigang and Tsirang Intensive Valley Projects, similar valley projects were replicated in Mongar and the newly created Shumar (Pemagatshel) districts. These projects were also sites of experimental and participatory decision-making. It led to the formation of Dzongkhag Yargay Tshogchungs (DYTs), which brought the chimis, gups, and officials to prepare plans together. By 1981, Trashigang and Tsirang had fully functional DYTs.

In higher altitude areas a new initiative by Wangchuk in the early 1970s consisted of diffusing potatoes as cash crops, first tested in the royal pastureland of Longtoed and Longmed, which had been converted to potato farms. Beginning with the large-scale production in Khaling and Chapcha, potatoes become a key export crop, reaching 60,000 tonnes, grown by over 10,725 households by 2006.

In southern Bhutan, the focus was on growing citrus fruits. For example, in 1977, the King encouraged the people of Dagana to start cardamom and orange plantations. Both of these cash crops are now major sources of rural income as 3,400 tonnes of cardamom, 55,558 tonnes of oranges, and 7,400 tonnes of apples were produced in 2006 due to the initiatives taken first in the 1970s.

Socio-economic development

The socio-economic development of Bhutan under King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the Fourth King, is characterized by significant advancements across various sectors from his coronation in 1974 until his abdication in 2006. This period was marked by a unique approach to development, emphasizing Gross National Happiness (GNH) as a guiding principle.

Jigme Singye Wangchuck in 2007 with Ellen Sauerbrey.

1. Introduction of Gross National Happiness (GNH)

His Majesty believed that true progress for the Bhutanese people should be assessed through their happiness and overall quality of life. This belief is deeply rooted in Bhutan's ancient legal code from 1629, which stated that "if the government cannot create happiness for its people, then there is no purpose for government to exist." This code emphasized that laws must promote happiness for all sentient beings, reflecting the nation's Buddhist values and the importance of compassion. In 1986, a royal decree directed the Planning Commission to evaluate the nation's progress based on the happiness and comfort of its people through the 6th Five Year Plan. GNH focuses on holistic well-being rather than purely economic indicators, incorporating cultural preservation, environmental sustainability, and good governance as its four pillars.

Over four decades later, with Bhutan embracing democracy in 2008, Article 9 of the Constitution enshrined GNH values by mandating the state to promote conditions conducive to pursuing happiness.

Today, GNH is defined as a "multidimensional development approach seeking to achieve a harmonious balance between material well-being and the spiritual, emotional, and cultural needs of society," emphasizing the need to balance physical and mental well-being.

2. Health Improvements

1. Expansion of Healthcare Infrastructure

- Increased Facilities: The number of healthcare facilities grew substantially, from just 56 in 1974 to 715 by 2006. This included the establishment of hospitals and basic health units across the country.

- Accessibility: The expansion of the healthcare network improved access to medical services, especially in rural areas.

2. Improvement in Health Outcomes

- Life Expectancy: Life expectancy increased from around 40 years in the early 1970s to 66 years by 2006, reflecting better health services and living conditions.

- Infant and Maternal Mortality Rates: Infant mortality dropped significantly from 142 per 1,000 live births in 1985 to 60 in 2006. Maternal mortality also decreased from 7.7% to 2.6% during this period, largely due to improved prenatal and postnatal care.

3. Universal Health Coverage

- Free Primary Health Care: By the end of King Jigme Singye's reign, Bhutan achieved nearly universal coverage for primary healthcare services, with a focus on providing free medical care to all citizens.

- Health Insurance Initiatives: The government initiated policies to expand health insurance coverage and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for healthcare.

4. Focus on Preventive Care

- Public Health Campaigns: The government launched various public health initiatives, including vaccination programs that contributed to a significant reduction in communicable diseases.

- Access to Clean Water and Nutrition: Efforts were made to improve access to safe drinking water and nutrition, which positively impacted overall health outcomes.

5. Human Resource Development

- Training Programs: The establishment of institutions like the Royal Institute of Health Sciences in 1976 helped train healthcare professionals, addressing the shortage of qualified personnel.

- Increased Workforce: By 2006, there was a notable increase in the number of health workers per capita, enhancing service delivery.

3. Education Expansion

Under his leadership the kingdom embarked on a journey of transformation, with the education sector at the forefront of this evolution. From a time of limited access and resources, Bhutan's education system blossomed, mirroring the King's commitment to national progress and the well-being of his people.

Before Jigme Singye's reign, Bhutan's education landscape was characterized by significant constraints. As his first address to the National Assembly on September 10, 1972 stated that "The education Department, for this reason, brings and educates together the children from East, West, North and South in schools all over the country so that the feeling of brotherhood and belonging to one large family may be instilled in their minds."

A cornerstone of Jigme's educational policy was to significantly expand access to learning opportunities across the kingdom. The following steps were taken :

Construction of numerous schools in previously isolated regions. Expansion to 322 educational institution from 97 in 1974

In 1974, when He acceded to the throne, only 14,000 pupils were enrolled in school. There was no degree college at all. The number of educational institutes now include 243 primary and community schools, 44 junior high schools, 18 high schools and a range of other institutions that provide secondary and tertiary education; technical, managerial and vocational training.

Prioritizing Quality and Relevance: Recognizing that mere expansion was insufficient, Jigme championed efforts to improve the quality and relevance of education.

The following policies were adopted to address this issue:

Teacher Training Institutions: The Royal Bhutan Polytechnic and the National Institute of Education were key training centers. It included 2 technical schools, 1 Rigney school, 1 fine arts center, 1 school of Buddhist studies and a teachers training institute".

Curriculum Reform: The education sector was utilized to foster understanding across different ethnic communities in bhutan and had a major goal to instill the importance of the distinct cultural heritage of Bhutan.

"The education Department, for this reason, brings and educates together the children from East, West, North and South in schools all over the country so that the feeling of brotherhood and belonging to one large family may be instilled in their minds.”

Student Overseas Opportunities:There was mention of the people receiving thousands of government issued scholarships to benefit their training or education and higher education.

4. Infrastructure Development

In the early 1970s, Bhutan was a largely isolated, agrarian society with limited infrastructure. Key priorities under Jigme Singye Wangchuck's leadership became building essential services and infrastructure to uplift the lives of ordinary citizens.

Early Industrial Development:

Even in the early years, efforts were made to foster domestic industries. By 1973, construction of an industrial estate in Phuntsholing was underway, aiming to provide worksheds equipped with necessary amenities for entrepreneurs. Loans were provided to industrialists to establish enterprises contributing to the national economy Gelephu in southern Bhutan was emerging as an industrial center with the establishment of various businesses These included furniture production, sawmills, and even a match factory with the objective of supplying matches to the entire country

Key Themes and Approaches:

Several key themes emerge from Wangchuck's approach to infrastructure development, as evident in his own words:

Self-Reliance: He repeatedly stressed the importance of self-reliance. "It is imperative that the people and the government unite and work hand in hand in developing and building a better future for our country” "From year to year, Bhutan is receiving increasing financial and technical assistance from many countries ... However, the most important task before us at present is to achieve economic self-reliance to ensure the continued progress of our country in the future

Economic empowerment in Rural Development.

He stressed the importance of agriculture as the core of Bhutan's identity in order to promote a balanced society

Diversification of the Economy: A priority was given to agriculture with high yielding varieties and access to credit made available to increase production. In addition, there has been an emphasis on industry, hydroelectricity, and other infrastructure so that the standard of living of the people could be improved To increase labour productivity among the farmers, imported farm machinery has been distributed at highly subsidized prices and local farming tools have been improved

5. Tourism and Hydropower Development

Jigme Singye Wangchuck's reign witnessed significant strides in both tourism and hydropower development, carefully guided by his vision for a balanced approach to modernization, prioritizing Gross National Happiness (GNH) over purely economic growth. The development was particularly aimed at remote areas where it could improve the life of the people. According to his address to the people of Mongar in 1980, the Royal Government was emphasizing “...to remain as a sovereign independent country and achieve economic self-reliance, prosperity, peace and happiness for our people."

Hydropower Development

Strategic Importance:

Hydropower became a cornerstone of Bhutan's economic development, serving both domestic needs and as a major export earner. According to His Majesty's words “...to achieve economic self-reliance..." the development of industries including hydropower is necessary. This sector also reflected the vision of His Majesty that "economic self-reliance should be the main goal of development" The extract also mentions " ... to ensure the continued progress of our country in the future"

Early Initiatives:

The Chukha Hydel Project, commissioned in 1987, stands as a prime example of early hydropower efforts. It became a significant source of revenue, primarily through exports to India. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,” 6th Edition, Columbia University Press, New York, 2007.).

Later Projects:

Jigme had highlighted the fact that the total expected revenue from Paro in the Fifth Plan was Nu. 30.000 million as compared to the total revenue of Nu. 2.742 million in the Fourth Plan" indicating His emphasis on revenue generation. This indicates the expansion of the plan, the Kurichu Power Project, agreed with India in 1994, was started during the period(25 Years a King) and many more such projects were started by him.

Focus on Sustainability:

He stressed the importance of protecting Bhutan’s fragile ecosystem when preparing strategies for agricultural development (Glimpses of Change,25 Years a King) in order to protect environment.

Tourism Development

Controlled Approach:

Bhutan adopted a "high-value, low-impact" tourism policy during Jigme Singye Wangchuck's reign. This policy, rooted in the GNH philosophy, prioritized cultural preservation and environmental protection over maximizing tourist numbers. His wisdom asserted that Bhutan should cater only to tourists who come here to experience its unspoilt environment and cultural heritage. (Glimpses of Change, 25 Years a King)

Early Years and Expansion:

The opening up of the country to tourism can be traced back to the 1970s, before which Bhutan remained largely isolated. Limited numbers of foreign dignitaries were permitted to enter Bhutan for the first time as the coronation celebrations got underway.

Aviation and Accessibility:

In order to facilitate tourism, aviation services were launched in 1983, when it is recorded that Druk Air started operations. This immediately changed the reality of the once isolated Kingdom. Druk Air, initially using Dornier aircraft, later upgraded to BAe jet planes with routes to major destinations in South and Southeast Asia.

Economic Contribution: Guided by Jigme Singye Wangchuck’s policy, tourism revenues were used in development projects to contribute to national income.

Speeches and Principles

In his address to the National Assembly on September 10, 1972, shortly after his ascension to the throne, Jigme spoke on the wisdom of his late father and laid down that for some time it would be best to continue in line with the wise policies laid down by his father, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. He wanted “a sustainable balance among economic, social, emotional and cultural needs of the people.” His policy regarding hydropower development for his reign aimed at economic self-reliance without sacrificing social and cultural values. In is address to the National Day celebration 1978, he emphasizes "...Government and people must work together." This highlighted Jigme's emphasis on unity and collaboration in all aspects of the country. In address to the 54th session of the National assembly , June 23, 1981, he stated " “We cannot depend forever on the generosity of our friends. Nor can we progress by depending on others. No country has advanced by allowing another country to do all its development work", He repeatedly pointed out. He went on to emphasize, "We must have the capacity to begin and complete any project we undertake.” This highlights the emphasis on independence and to not rely on other nations.

Perservation of Culture

Modernization often poses challenges to both culture and the environment. However, efforts were made to mitigate this pressure by emphasizing the role of cultural preservation in maintaining national identity and stability under the Fourth King's reign. Wangchuck emphasized the distinctive characters of Bhutanese cultures. Wangchuck stated that it is the "distinct identity of our county", and not the nation's "wealth, weapons and armed forces", that is the vital instrument in securing the sovereignty of the nation.

As an example of Wangchuck's support of classical Bhutanese culture, he had Tango Shedra built. Tango Shedra became the apex of education according to the classical system of cultural sciences. Academic monks complete their long studies with bachelor's and master's degrees in Tango. In 2008, 163 candidates – with 14 master's degrees and 149 bachelor's degrees –from Tango Shedra and Sangngag Chokhor Shedra in Paro held their graduation ceremonies at Tango.

Zorig Chusum [1] was enhanced by Wangchuck when the Kawajangsa Institution of Zorig (now known as the National Institute for Zorig Chusum) in 1971 was established. At first, this institute concentrated on traditional fine arts. A similar institution was opened in 1997 in Tashi Yangtse. The Folk Heritage Museum started by Her Majesty Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck in Kawajangsa, Thimphu in 2001, drew attention to the heritage of lay people's sustainable products and their lifestyle. Likewise, in 2001, the first Textile Museum opened by Her Majesty Ashi Sangay Choden Wangchuck drew attention to the weaving skills of Bhutan. Skilled artisans – painters, statue-makers, carpenters, and masons proliferated in Wangchuck's reign not only because of these new institutions but also by receiving on-the-job training in many new temples and dzongs constructed in the country.

The profile of indigenous medicine also became higher under Wangchuck's reign. Indigenous medicine spread as a parallel health service due to support to Institute of Indigenous Medicine.

There probably were only about 2,000 monks in the state-supported monasteries in 1972 when his reign started. By 2006, the number of monks subsisting on state allowances had increased to a little over 6,000. In parallel to the increase in the number of monks and nuns, the monastic infrastructure that included tutors, lamas, temples, gomdeys (meditation centers), and Shedras (Buddhist colleges), increased in Wangchuck's reign. Many new official Dratshangs in district headquarters, which hitherto did not have any monastic body, were opened such as Tsirang, Gaylegphug, Tashi Yangtse, Samtse, Pema Gatshel, Chukha, Bumthang and Zhemgang. Numerous affiliate monasteries to each dzongkhag rabdey were also opened throughout the country.

Picture of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck at Paro International Airport

By 2006, there were 13 Shedras located in Tango, Dodeydrag, Khothokha, Sanga Choekhor, Gontey, Tshangkha, Tharpaling, Nimalung, Talo Nalanda, Sewla, Ngatsang, Drametse, and Bartsham with a total enrolment of some 700 monks. There were over 24 drubdeys or meditation places, stretching from Singye dzong in the east to Tagchu Goenpa in Haa, enlisting 300 officially supported people who meditate on a long-term basis in 2006. These numbers were rolled as new meditation to succeed old ones upon their completion. There were over 45 monastic Lobdras, where teachers received official stipends and where gomchens (young lay priests) studied. By 2006, there were also 10 nunneries, started on an organized basis, located in Jashar Goenpa in Pema Gatshel in the east to Kila Goenpa in Paro in the west.

Environmental Conservation

Wangchuck also enhanced the protection of natural resources such as forests and biodiversity. Wangchuck foresaw the potentially adverse impacts of both increased economic activity and increased population on the fragility of the mountain ecosystem. He raised the importance of the preservation of the environment during policy discussions, which resulted in vast areas of the country being devoted to parks and sanctuaries.

Dedicating Land to Parks and Sanctuaries:

• Jigme Dorji National Park, Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary and Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary declared in 1974
• Toorsa Nature Reserve, Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park (known earlier as Jow Durshing National Park), Thrumsengla National Park, Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary and Bomdeling Wildlife Sanctuary established in 1993. These efforts expanded Bhutan’s network of parks and sanctuaries to safeguard its biodiversity.

International Recognitions:

• Bhutan was identified as a global hotspot, in 1988
• UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Convention on Biological Diversity signed in 1995
• Wangchuck and the people of Bhutan received the "Champions of the Earth" Award from UNEP, 2005
• In 2006, he was conferred the J. Paul Getty Conservation Leadership Award for his leadership in conservation. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), this recognition highlighted his role in establishing policies and laws that positively impacted conservation in Bhutan and set an example globally. The award carried a cash prize of $200,000. Wangchuck stated that the award symbolized the collective efforts of the government and people of Bhutan.
• On February 13, 2011, Wangchuck was inducted into the Kyoto Earth Hall of Fame for his contributions to environmental conservation. Accepting the award in Kyoto, Her Royal Highness Princess Ashi Kezang Choden Wangchuck highlighted Bhutan’s 72% forest cover and carbon-neutral pledge, dedicating the honor to the Bhutanese people and global environmental efforts.
• Wangchuck received the 2022 Blue Planet Prize from the Asahi Glass Foundation on October 5, 2022, in recognition of his Gross National Happiness (GNH) philosophy, which integrates environmental conservation as a core pillar. Her Royal Highness Princess Sonam Dechan Wangchuck accepted the award on his behalf, emphasizing that it was a tribute to Bhutan’s collective commitment to ecological balance and sustainable development.

Policy Development:

• In 1985, Bhutan introduced Environmental Studies as part of its school curriculum. This initiative aimed to promote awareness and understanding of environmental issues among students. By integrating environmental education into the curriculum, the government sought to instill a sense of responsibility for the environment from an early age.

• National Environment Commission established in 1990. It was established in 1990 as a central body to oversee environmental governance and policy implementation. Initially part of the Planning Commission, it later became an autonomous entity responsible for coordinating environmental activities, formulating policies, and ensuring that development projects are environmentally sustainable.

• Bhutan Trust Fund for Environment established in 1992. The Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation was created as a financial mechanism to support conservation efforts. It was one of the first trust funds of its kind globally and has since provided funding for various projects aimed at protecting Bhutan's biodiversity and promoting sustainable resource management.
• Environment Assessment Act, 2000. It established a legal framework for assessing the environmental impacts of proposed development projects. The act mandates that all projects undergo an environmental assessment process to ensure that potential adverse effects on the environment are identified and mitigated before implementation.
• Bio-diversity Act of Bhutan, 2003. It was established to protect and regulate the use of the country’s biological resources. The act aims to conserve Bhutan's rich biodiversity while ensuring that the use of biological resources is equitable and sustainable. It also provides guidelines for access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing mechanisms.

Transition to Democracy

Since 2008, Bhutan has been a Democratic Constitutional Monarchy with the Druk Gyalpo as the head of the state and the existence of multiple political parties. This transition from Absolute Monarchy to Democratic Constitutional Monarchy began in the reign of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo. Democratization first started precisely when Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, the third Dragon King, created a National Assembly in 1953, which facilitated dialogue by serving as a forum where elders from different provinces could voice their ideas for a better Bhutan. Jigme Singye Wangchuck ruled until 2006 and is widely recognized for his transformative leadership, which emphasized political and legal reforms. His reign was marked by efforts to modernize Bhutan while preserving its cultural heritage and environmental sustainability.

A key aspect of his legacy was his role in advancing democracy in Bhutan. He believed that relying solely on a single individual for governance was a risk for a small, landlocked nation with a limited population. His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the Fourth Druk Gyalpo, played a significant role in advancing the process of democratization in Bhutan by decentralizing power from the central government to local authorities. In 1981, he established the Dzongkhag Yargye Tshogdu (Dzongkhag Development Committee) and later the Gewog Yargye Tshogchung (Block Development Committee) in 1991. These initiatives aimed to enhance public participation in decision-making and prepare citizens for democratic governance.

Key developments leading up to the democratic elections in 2008 included the dissolution of the Cabinet in 1998, which resulted in the election of a Council of Ministers endowed with full executive powers by representatives of the people. This was followed by the formation of a Constitution Drafting Committee in 2001 under royal command. The Constitution of Bhutan was presented to the citizens across the 20 Dzongkhags by the King, with each word being regarded as significant and blessed by the people of the nation. His Majesty referred to it as "the People’s Constitution," emphasizing its connection to the aspirations and hopes of the Bhutanese populace. During the ceremony, His Majesty expressed that this document symbolizes a pivotal moment in Bhutan's democratic journey, marking a commitment to uphold the rights and responsibilities enshrined within it. The event underscored the unique manner in which democracy was introduced in Bhutan, reflecting a collaborative effort between the monarchy and the citizens to establish a constitutional framework that would guide the nation's governance. These reforms reduced the monarchy's powers, transferring authority to elected officials and laying the foundation for Bhutan’s transition to a constitutional monarchy.

The emergence of democracy in Bhutan is characterized by its divergence from traditional democratic transition theories, which typically involve a significant demand for democracy from a politically conscious citizens. Instead, Bhutan's democratic system was primarily initiated and driven by the monarchy. In 2006, when the Fourth King, announced his intention to abdicate and conduct parliamentary elections, many Bhutanese citizens expressed their emotional resistance to this change. They argued that the country was already experiencing political stability, peace, and economic progress under the monarchy. The Fourth King justified his decision by stating that democracy should be introduced during times of peace and that it was unwise to rely solely on one individual, especially considering the unknown capabilities of future heirs.

This rationale has led many Bhutanese to view their democracy as unique, often referred to as a “Gift from the Golden Throne.” His Majesty the King has articulated his vision for Bhutanese democracy on multiple occasions. In a speech during the National Assembly session in June 2007, he emphasized that the principles of democracy should permeate all aspects of life—at home, in communities, at work, and within government—indicating that democracy is not merely a political concept but a way of life grounded in individual values and integrity.

Decentralisation

At the end of the 4th FYP (1976–1981), Wangchuck extensively reviewed the successes and challenges of the previous four years of development, which also included the physical inspection of the field projects. Wangchuck envisioned different planning system for the 5th FYP (1981–86) emphasising decentralisation. He initiated the creation of the Dzongkhag Yargye Tshogdu (DYT) in 1981 and the Gewog Yargye Tshogchung (GYT) in 1991. These bodies were designed to empower local leaders and facilitate community involvement in governance. The DYT serves as a district development committee, while the GYT operates at the village level. As part of the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1981-1986), new dzongdags (district heads) were appointed across all 18 districts. They were given broad responsibilities for managing public finances and coordinating district development plans, acting as chairpersons of the DYT. This delegation of authority allowed for more localized decision-making in conjunction with elected local leaders (gups and chimis) The King increasingly devolved authority to local governance structures, enabling them to make decisions that directly affected their communities. This shift aimed to bring governance closer to the people and improve responsiveness to local needs. In 1998, Wangchuck delegated the power of selecting ministers to the National Assembly, reinforcing democratic principles within the monarchy. He retained mechanisms such as the no-confidence vote, ensuring accountability among ministers. Various independent institutions were established during his reign, including subdistrict courts (Dungkhag courts), the Royal Civil Service Commission, and the Election Commission. These institutions laid the groundwork for a more structured governance framework. In 1992, Wangchuck granted autonomy to Bhutan's national newspaper, Kuensel, and the national radio network, Bhutan Broadcasting Service (BBS), which had previously been government-controlled. This move promoted greater transparency and freedom of expression. By empowering local bodies and promoting public involvement in decision-making, these reforms contributed to a gradual transition from a centralized monarchy to a constitutional democracy.

Foreign Policy

State Visits

Bhutanese participation in international organizations at various levels increased. Personally, Wangchuck attended the non-aligned and SAARC summits until 1997, traveling to Colombo in 1976 for 8th Non-Aligned Summit; Havana in 1979 for 6th Non-Aligned Summit; New Delhi in 1983 for 5th SAARC Summit and 1995 for 8th SAARC Summit; Harare in 1986 for 8th Non-Aligned Summit; Kathmandu in 1987 for 3rd SAARC Summit; Islamabad in 1988 for 4th SAARC Summit; Belgrade in 1989 for 9th Non-Aligned Summit; Malé in 1990 for 5th SAARC Summit, and Dhaka in 1993 for 7th SAARC Summit.

Diplomatic expansion

Wangchuck emphasized a two-fold foreign policy for Bhutan: to deepen Bhutan's relations with India and to create new bonds of friendship with fellow members of the UN. To diversify the sources of funding, Bhutan cultivated close relationships with the UN, ever since the visit of a UN Under-Secretary-General in 1974. Bhutan became a member of the UN in 1971. Relationships with other nations widened rapidly after 1974. The Coronation of 1974 brought a large number of foreign delegates. As a member of the international comity of nations, the occasion was used to make a debut on the international stage.. So, the representatives of the five permanent member countries of the Security Council based in Delhi were invited.. Additionally, 19 heads of missions and representatives from international organizations and international press corps attended the coronation.. Notably, a representative from China also attended. Bhutan supported China's seat in the United Nations in 1971 soon after Bhutan became a member of the UN. In parallel to the increase in development assistance, the decade between 1980 and 1990 was a period of enhanced diplomacy for Bhutan. In this decade, under the guidance of Wangchuck, Bhutan established diplomatic relations with 17 out of the existing 53 countries, and became associated with 12 out of 20 organizations of the United Nations family.

In Wangchuck's reign, diplomatic links were developed with many other nations such as Bangladesh in 1973; Kuwait in 1983; Nepal in 1983; The Maldives in 1984; Denmark in 1985; Norway in 1985; Sweden in 1985; Switzerland in 1985; Netherlands in 1985; Japan in 1986; Finland in 1986; South Korea in 1987; Sri Lanka in 1987; Austria in 1989; Thailand in 1991; Bahrain in 1992; Singapore in 2002; Australia in 2002 and Canada in 2003. Wangchuck cultivated bonds of friendship with other countries and strengthened Bhutan-international relationships and diversified its sources of development assistance.

Operation All Clear

Operation All Clear was launched on December 15, 2003 in several districts of southern Bhutan to flush out two banned rebel outfits from Assam – ULFA and the National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB) – and the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation (KLO), which was active in North Bengal. More than 40 big and small camps were established by these groups in the kingdom over a long span that began in 1989.

To flush out the terrorists and restore its control over the area, the Royal Bhutan Army (RBA), personally led by Jigme Singye Wangchuck himself and his son Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck, started military action against all the camps of these militants in southern district of Samtse, Kalikhola sub-district, Sarpang, Nganglam sub-district, Samdrup Jongkhar, Bhagtar sub-district and Daifam sub-district. Had Bhutan not acted this time, it would have meant a serious compromise with its sovereignty over the areas where terrorists had established their camps. The RBA operation aimed to destroy camps and seize weapons so that the militants could not regroup there in the future. Operation All Clear has managed to smash all the well-fortified camps of the three terrorist outfits having bases in Bhutan. The operation, conducted over two days (15–16 December), combined guerrilla and conventional warfare tactics, resulting in minimal casualties and no post-conflict repercussions.

Popularity Abroad

In 1989, during the State Funeral of Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo, Bhutan's Fourth King, His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck, displayed extraordinary humility and respect by enduring freezing temperatures in traditional Bhutanese attire and remaining until the ceremony's conclusion, earning the admiration of the Japanese people. His simple yet profound gesture created lasting goodwill between Bhutan and Japan, raising awareness about Bhutan and endearing him to the Japanese nation.

In another instance, after Kuwait’s financial records were destroyed in the Gulf War in 1990, Bhutan was the first to send detailed documents, despite its limited resources. Touched by King Jigme Singye Wangchuck’s humility, the Emir of Kuwait gifted him a BMW, which the King redirected for diplomatic use and reciprocated with a handcrafted wooden table.

Jubilee and abdication

The silver Jubilee of Jigme Singye Wangchuck was celebrated in 1999 to mark 25 years since his coronation. This event provided an opportunity to reflect on the milestones achieved during his reign, celebrated nationwide with cultural performances and public gatherings. The occasion was celebrated nationwide with cultural performances, traditional dances, and public gatherings that highlighted Bhutan’s heritage and unity. A commemorative medal was also issued to mark the event, symbolizing the significance of the milestone.

Wangchuck introduced Gross National Happiness (GNH) as a framework that emphasizes holistic well-being alongside economic development. His leadership was marked by efforts to modernize Bhutan while also aiming to preserve its cultural identity and expand diplomatic relations with various countries, including Japan and Sweden. The Silver Jubilee celebration of his reign prompted discussions about Bhutan’s history and culture, underscoring the significant developments that occurred during this period. This event is viewed as an important moment in Bhutan's history, reflecting the relationship between the monarchy and the populace while acknowledging the ongoing efforts to balance tradition with modernization.

Wangchuck abdicated the throne in favor of his son in 2006, in preparation for the country's transition from an absolute monarchy to a semi-constitutional monarchy. In doing so, he stated: "The best time to change a political system is when the country enjoys stability and peace... Why wait for a revolution? Why crown an heir only when the nation is in mourning for a late king?" Having ruled since 1972, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck was known for his efforts to modernize Bhutan while preserving its cultural identity and promoting the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH). His abdication marked a significant turning point in Bhutanese history, facilitating democratic reforms and a new era of governance in the country.

Wives and children

1. Dorji Wangmo (born 10 June 1955, first wife)

Name	Birth	Marriage		Issue
Princess Ashi Sonam Dechen Wangchuck (Photo)	(1981-08-05) 5 August 1981	5 April 2009	Dasho Phub W. Dorji	Dasho Jigje Singye Wangchuck ((2009-12-03)3 December 2009) (age 15 years) Dasho Jigme Jigten Wangchuck ((2013-08-23)23 August 2013) (age 11 years)
Prince Dasho Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck (Photo)	(1984-07-06) 6 July 1984

2. Tshering Pem (born 22 December 1957, second wife)

Name	Birth	Marriage		Issue
Princess Ashi Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck (Photo)	(1980-01-10) 10 January 1980	13 October 2005	Dasho Sangay Wangchuck	Dasho Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck (ca. September 2006 (age 18)) Dasho Jamyang Singye Wangchuck (2009 (age 15–16))
Princess Ashi Kesang Choden Wangchuck (Photo)	(1982-01-23) 23 January 1982	11 November 2008	Dasho Palden Yoser Thinley	Dasho Jamgyel Singye Wangchuck Dasho Ugyen Junay Wangchuck Ashi Tshering Tshoyang Wangchuck (ca. January 2019 (age 6))
Prince Dasho Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck (Photo)	(1994-11-11) 11 November 1994

3. Tshering Yangdon (born 21 June 1959, third wife)

Name	Birth	Marriage		Issue
King Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck	(1980-02-21) 21 February 1980	13 October 2011	Ashi Jetsun Pema	Crown Prince Druk Gyalsey Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck ((2016-02-05)5 February 2016) (age 9 years) Prince Dasho Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck ((2020-03-19)19 March 2020) (age 4 years) Princess Ashi Sonam Yangden Wangchuck ((2023-09-09)9 September 2023) (age 1 year 4 months)
Princess Ashi Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck (Photo)	(1981-12-02) 2 December 1981	29 October 2009	Dasho Tandin Namgyel	Ashi Dechen Yuidem Yangzom Wangchuck Dasho Ugyen Dorji Wangchuck Dasho Jigme Singye Wangchuck
Prince Gyaltshab Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (Photo)	(1986-04-14) 14 April 1986	17 October 2013	Ashi Yeatso Lhamo	Ashi Decho Pema Wangchuck (2014 (age 10–11))

4. Sangay Choden (born 11 May 1963, fourth wife)

Name	Birth	Marriage		Issue
Prince Dasho Khamsum Singye Wangchuck (Photo)	(1985-10-06) 6 October 1985
Princess Ashi Euphelma Choden Wangchuck (Photo)	(1993-06-06) 6 June 1993	29 October 2020	Dasho Thinley Norbu

Styles

• 11 November 1955 – 15 May 1972: His Royal Highness Dasho (Prince) Jigme Singye Wangchuck
• 15 May 1972 – 15 July 1972: His Royal Highness Trongsa Penlop Dasho Jigme Singye Wangchuck, The Crown Prince of Bhutan
• 15 July 1972 – 14 December 2006: His Majesty King Jigme Singye, The Fourth Druk Gyalpo, The King of Bhutan
• 14 December 2006 – present: His Majesty King Jigme Singye, The Fourth Druk Gyalpo, The King Father of Bhutan

Awards and Recognition

• Japan :
  • Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (16 March 1987).
• Nepal :
  • Member of the Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (5 October 1988).
• Kuwait :
  • Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great (1990).
• Bahrain :
  • Order of Al Khalifa, 1st Class (1990).
• Sweden :
  • Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (1994).
  • Champions of the Earth 2005:
  • WWF J Paul Getty Award 2006: Bhutan King Jigme Singye Wangchuck has been conferred the 2006 J Paul Getty Conservation Leadership Award in recognition of "his leadership and deep concern for the environment." Her Royal Highness Ashi Sonam Dechan Wangchuck accepted the 2006 J. Paul Getty Conservation Leadership Award on behalf of His Majesty the King and the people.
  • The 2006 TIME 100 2006: His Majesty the Fourth Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan was also recognized by the 2006 TIME 100 for "setting a quietly revolutionary precedent." His legacy of Gross National Happiness, the transition from Absolute Monarchy to Democratic Constitutional Monarchy, and the Drafting of the Constitution sets a moral example of transforming the world.
  • Kyoto Hall Of Fame 2011: In a ceremony attended by around 600 people, including Their Imperial Highnesses Prince Akishino-miya and Princess Kiko-Sama and prominent citizens of Japan, Her Royal Highness Princess Ashi Kezang Choden Wangchuck received the Hall of Fame award on behalf of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo on February 13. His Majesty, Jigme Singye Wangchuck the fourth King of Bhutan was recognised for his outstanding contribution to the protection of the global environment.
  • Blue Planet Prize 2022

See also

• Druk Gyalpo
• Ngawang Namgyal
• Penlop of Trongsa
• Great Buddha Dordenma
• House of Wangchuck
• Gross National Happiness
• Tashichho Dzong

External references

• Bhutan Times (2007). Immortal Lines: Speeches of the 4th Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuck. Thimphu: Bhutan Times.
• Kingdom of Bhutan (1999). 25 Years a King His Majesty King Jigme Singye Wangchuck 1974-1999. Royal Government of Bhutan.
• Lyonchhen Jigmi Yoeser Thinley (2009). State of the Nation Report 2009 (PDF) (Report). Cabinet Secretariat. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
• Lyonchhen Jigmi Yoeser Thinley (1 July 2010). The 2nd Annual Report of the Hon'ble Prime Minister to the Fifth session of the First Parliament on the State of the Nation (PDF) (Report). Cabinet Secretariat. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
• Lyonchhen Jigmi Yoeser Thinley (1 July 2011). Third Annual Report of Lyonchhen Jigmi Yoeser Thinley to the Seventh Session of the First Parliament on the State of the Nation (PDF) (Report). Cabinet Secretariat. p. 124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.

External links

• The Royal Family of Bhutan (archived 5 September 2008)
• Time Magazine's 100 People Who Shape Our World 2006: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck